i have a some sata->usb adapters/enclosures/docks that can't be used with > 2tb drives or with 4Kn (native 4k sectors, no 512 emulation) drives. i also have a 2-bay cheap nas that can only do 2x1tb or smaller and there's no new firmware or hacks to 'fix' it even though it's linux under-the-hood.
start with hooking it back up to sata to copy anything on it you want elsewhere, check the filesystem, and run the extended diagnostics.