Human health and nutrition is, of course, highly complex. A substance may be generally healthy in one formulation/concentration, and tend to cause health problems in in another.
A “whole food” is not strictly defined, but is “Group 1” in the Nova food classification you mentioned.
Ultra-processed foods need tobacco-style warnings, says scientist (www.theguardian.com)
UPFs should also be heavily taxed due to impact on health and mortality, says scientist who coined term...